PUBLIC HEALTH

  Chikungunya Introduction: Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease and patient presented with fever and severe joint pain. It is a viral diseases caused by ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. The transmission to humans is due to the bites of infected female mosquitoes are  Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus . They are also responsible for transmission of other mosquito-borne diseases from viruses like dengue and Zika. The mosquito bite during daylight, especially during early morning and late afternoon. The first case of mosquito-transmitted chikungunya reported in Americas in 2013, after that various large outbreaks reported in most of the countries in the region. This disease is now reported worldwide in 118 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas.  Symptoms The symptoms starts appearing form 4 to 8 days after patient had infected mosquito bite. This diseases is rarely fatal. Most of the symptoms are self-limiting and last for 2to 3 day...

  Polio has not been fully eradicated from some areas of the world due to a combination of factors. These include: Insecurity and Conflict Zones : In areas affected by war or conflict, such as parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, it can be difficult to access children for vaccination due to security concerns, making it challenging to maintain consistent immunization efforts. Vaccine Misinformation : Misinformation and mistrust regarding vaccines have led to vaccine hesitancy in some regions. In particular, false claims about the polio vaccine, often spread through local communities or media, have caused parents to refuse vaccinations for their children. Geographical and Logistical Barriers : Some regions, especially remote and rural areas, are difficult to reach due to poor infrastructure or harsh geographical conditions. This complicates the delivery of vaccines and regular immunization campaigns. Weak Health Systems : In s...

  How to control obesity pandemic? Obesity is a global health issue that affects millions of people and contributes to a variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. The increasing prevalence of obesity has made it one of the most pressing public health challenges of our time. However, solutions to combat obesity are multifaceted and involve individual, community, and policy-level interventions. This essay explores various approaches to addressing obesity, including lifestyle changes, public health policies, healthcare initiatives, and technological advancements. 1. Lifestyle Modifications One of the most effective and widely advocated solutions for combating obesity is adopting healthier lifestyle habits. These habits include dietary changes, regular physical activity, and behavior modification. Dietary Changes : A balanced, nutritious diet is crucial for weight management. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole...

  Breast Cancer Prevention and Evidence based Research  Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers globally, affecting millions of women and, to a lesser extent, men each year. Its high incidence has sparked extensive research aimed at understanding its causes, risk factors, and ways to prevent it. Prevention strategies are critical in reducing the number of new cases, while ongoing research is essential for improving treatments and outcomes for those already diagnosed. The fight against breast cancer involves a combination of lifestyle changes, early detection, risk assessment, and cutting-edge scientific research. Understanding Breast Cancer Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably. It can start in different parts of the breast, including the ducts, lobules, or the tissue in between. The most common types are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. The cancer can spread to nearby ti...

  Vibrio vulnificus is a type of bacteria commonly referred to in discussions of "flesh-eating bacteria" due to its ability to cause necrotizing fasciitis, a severe infection that destroys skin, muscle, and other tissues. Found primarily in warm, brackish waters—typically along coastal areas— Vibrio vulnificus poses a heightened threat during the warmer months, especially in regions like the Gulf of Mexico and along the Atlantic coast. Though rare, infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus can progress rapidly, leading to severe complications, amputations, or death if not treated promptly. Vibrio vulnificus thrives in warm saltwater or brackish water, a mixture of fresh and saltwater typically found in estuaries. It is often associated with seawater, raw or undercooked seafood (especially oysters), and direct exposure to marine environments. Common Ways Vibrio vulnificus Causes Infections: Wound Infections: Bacteria enter the body through cuts, scrapes, or punct...

 Prevention and Control of Diphtheria Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Although it can also infect the skin, it is most notorious for causing severe illness when the bacteria release toxins into the body. Historically, diphtheria was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children. However, the advent of vaccines has significantly reduced its prevalence, though outbreaks still occur, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage. To effectively address diphtheria, a combination of prevention and control strategies is essential. Pathogenesis and Symptoms The bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces a potent toxin that causes localized inflammation in the throat and upper respiratory tract. The infection typically begins in the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx and can result in the formation of a thick, grayish-white membrane, which is characte...